Бесплатный фрагмент - Mental arithmetic. Methodological guide for teachers and parents

From the author

The manual is written by a teacher of mental arithmetic, chief methodologist, Director of education at the center for mental arithmetic. The author participated in the development of the method of mental arithmetic when it first appeared in the CIS countries. After analyzing the market, I noticed that former colleagues who also became professionals in this field began to open companies, centers, associations that issue certificates in mental arithmetic online training for teachers in mental arithmetic. They realized that the franchise is expensive, and it became cheaper to teach this course themselves.

This book covers most aspects of teaching mental arithmetic so that teachers can teach and develop students using mental arithmetic without going through expensive training, online courses, and even more so without franchises.

Introduction

This manual is designed to train teachers in mental arithmetic, for managers of children’s centers and other professions related to the training of mental arithmetic. With this book, you can learn all the formulas of addition and subtraction, multiplication and division, learn the method of explaining this course to students, the organization of the teacher’s work (lesson plan, working with parents, exams, Olympiads, standards, reports of the teacher, etc.).

After carefully studying the material, the teacher will be able to achieve excellent results for students, that is, to study the course of mental arithmetic, the teacher will not need to take expensive online or offline courses, buy a franchise.

Also in the introduction, I want to specify the basic concepts.

Mental arithmetic is a method of rapid verbal counting (faster than a calculator counts), based on calculation on special accounts — soroban. Learning to count on the soroban, students will begin a mental count.

Mental score. Students present a soroban in front of them and quickly count on imaginary accounts. It is the mental account that develops both hemispheres of the brain: representing soroban works the right hemisphere, translating the image into numbers works the left hemisphere. In other words, logic, creative and analytical thinking, photographic memory, speed of reaction, and self-confidence increase. The lessons of mental arithmetic use flash cards that develop tasks, dictation by ear, mental dictation, relay races, which also develop fine motor skills of the hands, both hemispheres of the brain, auditory and visual memory, and as a result, improve grades in all subjects.

1. Methods of teaching students

1.1 Fundamental exercises (FE)

Fundamental exerises — examples that you need to perform every day to develop your fingers, to increase the speed of solving examples, in the future, they will also help in the transition to a mental account. They change depending on the topic, the formula passed in the lesson. Fundamental exercises must be performed quickly, following the finger technique. Three fingers of the left hand hold the soroban (little finger, ring finger, thumb). With your thumb, lift the bones (fold them), and with your index finger, lower them (take them away). The upper bone, i.e. 5, is raised and lowered with the index finger. On soroban, we count the fingers of the right hand (both left-handed and right-handed).

According to the Japanese method on soroban you need to think like this:

— the thumb and forefinger of the right hand

— middle and index fingers of the left hand.

The other fingers of the left hand hold the soroban. It is convenient when students solve examples on 3—4 digit numbers for speed. When we decide on 3—4 digits, then in the middle we use the hands that are convenient for students. The finger technique should be followed from the first lessons.

Fundamental exercises should be performed after a new topic, before the final dictation, and before each homework assignment.

FE is needed for fixing formulas and increasing the speed of solving examples. Develops fine motor skills of the hands, which also affects intelligence and speech.

The teacher can create their own games / relays of FE THAT will arouse the interest of students, parents and competitors.

The teacher is recommended to know examples for FE by heart or have them with him in the classroom.

For example, FE to the formula +4 junior fellows.

1+4

2+4

3+4

4+4

FE to the formula +9 senior fellows

1+9

2+9

3+9

4+9

6+9

7+9

8+9

9+9

FE to work out all the formulas

6+6+6+…=60

7+7+7+…=70

8+8+8+…=80

9+9+9+…=90

60-6-6…=0

70-7-7….=0

80-8-8-…=0

90-9-9…=0

1.2 Flash cards

Flash cards — this is a card with the image of soroban’s spokes with numbers typed on them. With these flash cards, many games are played, they are shown to children, with maximum speed, and children should have time to understand what number they saw. The teacher very quickly alternates flash cards in front of the students. Students, without lowering their heads, write down numbers from flash cards. Even if the records are sloppy-the main thing is to have time (and fun). This exercise trains mindfulness, visual memory, and speed. Students also learn the image of the number on the abacus faster. Then the exchange of notebooks and mutual verification.

1.3 Cursive

This is a special exercise designed to help children learn how to write as quickly as possible. We mark the time (1—2 minutes) and students write numbers for time and speed. For example, lines from 0 to 9, from 0 to 100, from 100 to 0, and so on.

1.4 Solving examples by ear (oral dictation)

Oral dictation-dictation during which children count on soroban under the dictation of the teacher and the answers are recorded in a notebook. The teacher dictates examples by sticking to the plan and getting a little faster than the children can decide. When dictating, you need to consider the possibility of children who have the maximum speed, and not on slow ones. Strives for maximum speed necessarily from the first lesson: 10 examples in 30 seconds.

By increasing the speed of dictating examples for children, we increase the speed of thinking. At the same time, an interesting story, when solving examples, the child should be very focused and take the most correct version of the action.

Mutual verification. Children exchange notebooks and check each other while the teacher dictates the correct answers.

Dictate examples must be accelerated despite the pace of children. Be sure to complicate the dictation, the number of rows in the dictation, if you know that students can do it. This is easy to check: if all children cope with most examples correctly, then you need to complicate the dictation.

Most students must solve about half of the examples in dictation. If students decide more than half, the teacher quickly dictates. If less, too fast. It is desirable that there should be such statistics: 1 excellent student (solves almost all examples), most solve half, 1 poor student (solves 30% of examples).

The speed of dictation depends primarily on the performance of the group. We focus on the fastest student and dictate a little faster than the fastest student decides.

Standards for ages and levels are made at the discretion of the teacher. The goal of mental arithmetic is not fast counting, but the development of both hemispheres of the brain, and fast counting is already a positive cost. You always need to complicate examples and dictation (dictate two-digit, three-digit, complicate the row, increase the speed of dictation, etc.). After level 4, students of all ages are compared in terms of decision speed and performance.

From the first lessons, it is recommended to voice 4 dictation rules:

— Do not talk. If someone starts talking, the speed of dictation increases

— Do not repeat. Who did not manage to finish, puts a point or minus and solve the next exercise.

— It is important to be honest. Do not cheat and count in mind. Who solves everything honest will be able to count three of four and so on.

— After the dictation we quickly fix the answers under dictation, put + and — if the results are correct or incorrect

— The rule is the same characters: «the same sign twice, not repeated if they are in a row». For example, 1+2+3 reads as «one plus two, three», or 8-1-3 reads as «eight minus one, three». This rule develops photographic memory and concentration

1.5 The solution of tasks on hearing mental (mental dictation)

Mental dictation is a dictation during which children solve examples on an imaginary drum (mentally) under the dictation of the teacher. You need to remember what soroban looks like. And the right hemisphere of our brain is responsible for reproducing images. But issuing an answer is the concern of the left hemisphere, which is responsible for calculations and logic. Therefore, it turns out that both hemispheres are involved in the work.

The teacher dictates examples according to the plan and a little faster than children can solve. You need to focus on students who have high speed, not slow ones. The rules for a dictation are the same as those in the oral dictation. The dictation is followed by mutual verification.

You need to complicate the examples gradually (rows, speed of dictation).

In the future, you can include a portal / simulator (an online platform for mental counting) in the classroom, which is even more interesting for students.

In order to teach children to reproduce the soroban in their head, you must ask them to imagine one soroban spoke in their head. Then, slowly dictate the examples, controlling how children count with their fingers in the air on an imaginary soroban. Check that children considered the mental, and not in the mind. You must learn to reproduce this from the beginning.

If child does not succeed on the soroban mentally, then let him look at the soroban (large or small) and count in the air, that is, without touching it.

The first time you need to work with children to solve 10—15 examples mentally.

If children have learned to count mentally, you can speed up faster. It is necessary to convey to children that mental dictation must be performed every day, as this is a training for the brain and will help them become smarter and count faster with each lesson.

The initial three levels of mental score are formed and there are no specific standards. After students have studied all the formulas and developed a speed on two or three-digit mental score becomes necessary during tests and exams, and the speed of the mental score should be faster than the speed on soroban.

1.6 Homework

It is necessary to specifically explain to children and parents that homework should be done daily. Thanks to this, they will improve the speed of solving examples, will train the brain, and therefore will be the result of mental arithmetic (memory, attentiveness, speed of reaction, concentration, auditory memory, photographic memory, creativity, logic, fine motor skills of hands, etc.).

In reports, the teacher must display how many examples each child completed at home during the week.

1.7 The concept of Junior fellows

Draw on the Board «house number 5». We ask children to redraw this house in a notebook and write: «junior fellows. Composition of the number 5».

Explanation: «Children, this is the house where the number «5» lives. Junior fellows live on each floor. Why do you think it is these numbers? Well, let me explain to you, these are not simple numbers. These are junior fellows. They will help each other in difficult situations as fellows. For example, the number " 1 «has the number «4», the number " 2 «has the number «3», and so on. The Sum of the younger fellows is five. See for yourself: 1+4=5, 2+3=5 etc.»